Economy Data , Albania

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Albania

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Region	Europe & Central Asia
Income Group	Upper middle income
Population	2,876,101
Female Population	1,451,769
% of Women in the Workforce	42%

Topic scores

Accessing institutions	100
Using property	100
Getting a job	79
Providing incentives to work	80
Going to court	75
Building credit	50
Protecting women from violence	80

Scored Questions

Question	Answer	Score
Are wives required to obey their husbands?	No	1
Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman apply for a national identity card in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man?	Yes	1
Can a woman be "head of household" in the same way as a man?	N/A	1

Constitutional rights

Question	Answer	Source
Does the constitution contain a clause on nondiscrimination?	Yes	Constitution of Albania, Art. 18
If there is a nondiscrimination clause in the constitution, does it mention sex or gender?	Yes	Constitution of Albania, Art. 18(2)
Does the constitution contain a clause on equality?	Yes	Constitution of Albania, Art. 18(1)
Is customary law recognized as a valid source of law under the constitution?	No	Constitution of Albania
If so, is customary law invalid if it violates constitutional provisions on nondiscrimination or equality?	N/A
Is personal law recognized as a valid source of law under the constitution?	No	Constitution of Albania
If so, is personal law invalid if it violates constitutional provisions on nondiscrimination or equality?	N/A

Marital responsibility

Question	Answer	Source
Are wives required to obey their husbands?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Can a woman confer citizenship to a non-national spouse in the same way as a man?	Yes	Law on Citizenship No. 8389, Arts. 9 and 10
Do spouses jointly share responsibility for financially maintaining the family?	Yes	Family Code, Arts. 50 and 54

Married and unmarried women

Question	Answer	Source
Can a married woman apply for a passport in the same way as a married man?	Yes	Law No. 8668 on Providing Passports for Albanian Citizens, as amended, Art. 2 Passport application form
Can an unmarried woman apply for a passport in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	Law No. 8668 on Providing Passports for Albanian Citizens, as amended, Art. 2 Passport application form
Can a married woman apply for a national identity card in the same way as a married man?	Yes	Law on ID Cards No. 8952, as amended, Arts. 1-3
Can an unmarried woman apply for a national identity card in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	Law on ID Cards No. 8952, as amended, Arts. 1-3
Can a married woman travel outside the country in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman travel outside the country in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman travel outside her home in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman travel outside her home in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman get a job in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman get a job in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman sign a contract in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman sign a contract in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman register a business in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman register a business in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman open a bank account in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman open a bank account in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman choose where to live in the same way as a married man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can an unmarried woman choose where to live in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can a married woman be "head of household" or "head of family" in the same way as a married man?	N/A	No applicable provisions could be located
Can an unmarried woman be "head of household" or "head of family" in the same way as an unmarried man?	N/A	No applicable provisions could be located
Can a married woman confer citizenship to her children in the same way as a married man?	Yes	Constitution of Albania, Art. 19 Law on Citizenship (No. 8389), Arts. 7 and 11
Can an unmarried woman confer citizenship to her children in the same way as an unmarried man?	Yes	Constitution of Albania, Art. 19 Law on Citizenship No. 8389, Arts. 7 and 11

Quotas

Question	Answer	Source
What are the quotas for women on corporate boards?	No quota	No applicable provisions could be located
What are the reserved seat quotas for women in national parliament?	No quota	No applicable provisions could be located
What are the reserved seat quotas for women in municipal councils?	No quota	No applicable provisions could be located
What are the quotas for women on candidate lists in elections for national parliament?	30%	Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, Art. 67 Law No. 9970 For Gender Equality in Society 2008, Art. 15(1)(d)
What are the quotas for women on candidate lists in elections for municipal councils?	30%	Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, Art. 67 Law No. 9970 For Gender Equality in Society 2008, Art. 15(1)(C)
Are there sanctions for noncompliance with quotas for women on corporate boards?	N/A
Are there sanctions for noncompliance with quotas for women on candidate lists for national parliament elections?	Yes	Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, Arts. 67(7) and 175
Are there sanctions for noncompliance with quotas for women on candidate lists for municipal council elections?	Yes	Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, Arts. 67(7) and 175
Are there financial incentives to include women on corporate boards?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there financial incentives to include women on candidate lists for national parliament elections?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there financial incentives to include women on candidate lists for municipal council elections?	No	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Score
Who legally administers marital property?	Both must agree	1
Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions?	Yes	1
Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property?	Yes	1
Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights?	Yes	1
Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights?	Yes	1

Question	Answer	Source
What is the default marital property regime?	Partial Community of property	Family Code, Arts. 73-78 and 103
Who administers marital property?	Both must agree	Family Code, Arts. 76 and 90 Law No. 33/2012 for Registration of Real Estate, Art. 41(2)

Question	Answer	Source
If the husband administers property, is spousal consent required for major transactions?	N/A
Are there special provisions governing the marital home?	Yes	Family Code, Art. 57
Does the law provide for valuation of nonmonetary contributions?	Yes	Family Code, Arts. 73 and 76

Question	Answer	Source
Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property?	Yes	Constitution of the Republic of Albania, Arts. 18 and 41 Civil Code, Arts. 153 and 154
Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property?	Yes	Family Code, Arts. 73-78 and 90

Question	Answer	Source
Do female and male surviving spouses have equal inheritance rights?	Yes	Civil Code, Art. 361
Do sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights?	Yes	Civil Code, Art. 361

Question	Answer	Score
Is there paid leave available to women of at least 14 weeks?	Yes	1
Do women receive at least 2/3 of their wages for the first 14 weeks or the duration of the leave if it is shorter?	Yes	1
What is the percentage of maternity leave benefits paid by the government?	100%	1
What is the difference between leave reserved for women and men relative to leave reserved for women, as a function of who pays?	1	1
Is there paid parental leave?	No	0
Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?	Yes	1
Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment?	Yes	1
Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited?	Yes	1
Can parents work flexibly?	No	0
Can women work the same night hours as men?	Yes	1
Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous or morally inappropriate in the same way as men?	Yes	1
Are women able to work in the same industries as men?	Yes	1
Are women able to perform the same tasks at work as men?	No	0
Are the ages at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits equal?	No	0.90
Are the ages at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits equal?	No	0.90
Is the mandatory retirement age for men and women equal?	N/A	..

Question	Answer	Source
Does the law mandate paid or unpaid maternity leave?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 105 Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Art. 27
Does the law mandate paid or unpaid paternity leave?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 96
Does the law mandate paid or unpaid parental leave?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 132/1
What is the length of paid maternity leave?	365	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Art. 27
What is the length of paid paternity leave?	3	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 96
What is the length of paid parental leave?	0	No applicable provisions could be located
Who pays maternity leave benefits?	Government 100%	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Arts. 6-8
Who pays paternity leave benefits?	Employer 100%	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Arts. 92-96
Who pays parental leave benefits?	N/A
What percentage of wages is paid during maternity leave?	65%	Law No. 104 of 31 July 2014, Art. 27
What percentage of wages is paid during paternity leave?	100%	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 94
What percentage of wages is paid during parental leave?	N/A
What is the length of unpaid maternity leave?	0	No applicable provisions could be located
What is the length of unpaid paternity leave?	0	No applicable provisions could be located
What is the length of unpaid parental leave?	120	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 132/1
How many days of unpaid parental leave must be taken by the mother?	0	No applicable provisions could be located
How many days of unpaid parental leave must be taken by the father?	0	No applicable provisions could be located
How many days of paid parental leave must be taken by the mother?	N/A
How many days of paid parental leave must be taken by the father?	N/A

Question	Answer	Source
Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 115
Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in employment?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 9
Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring?	Yes	Law on Protection against Discrimination, Arts. 1 and 12
Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in promotions?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 9 Law on Gender Equality, Art. 17
Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in dismissal?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 9 Law on Protection against Discrimination, Arts. 1 and 12
Is it prohibited for prospective employers to ask about family status?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 105/a
Are employers required to provide break time for nursing mothers?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 105
Can parents work flexibly?	No	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Source
What is the age at which a man can retire and receive full benefits?	66	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Arts. 31 and 92
What is the age at which a woman can retire and receive full benefits?	65	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Arts. 31 and 92
What is the age at which a man can retire and receive partial benefits?	63	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Arts. 31/1 and 92
What is the age at which a woman can retire and receive partial benefits?	62	Law No. 7703 of 11 May 1993, Arts. 31/1 and 92
What is the mandatory retirement age for men?	N/A	No applicable provisions could be located
What is the mandatory retirement age for women?	N/A	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Source
Can women work the same night hours as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women do the same jobs as men?	No	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 55
Can women work in jobs deemed hazardous in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in jobs deemed morally or socially inappropriate in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in jobs deemed arduous in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in mining in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in factories in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in construction in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in agriculture in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in energy in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in transportation in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in the water sector in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women work in metalworking in the same way as men?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Can women engage in jobs requiring lifting weights above a threshold in the same way as men?	No	Law No. 7961 of 12 July 1995, Art. 55
Can women work in all other jobs in the same way as men?	Yes

Question	Answer	Score
Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave?	Yes	1
Does the government support or provide childcare services?	Yes	1
Are childcare payments tax deductible?	No	0
Is primary education free and compulsory?	Yes	1
Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men?	No	1

Question	Answer	Source
Are mothers guaranteed an equivalent position after maternity leave?	Yes
Does the government provide a child allowance to parents?	Yes	Law No. 7703 of 11.05.1993 On social security in the Republic of Albania, Art. 5
Must employers provide leave to care for sick relatives?	Yes	Law No. 7961 of 1995, Arts. 96 and 132

Question	Answer	Source
Does the government provide childcare services?	Yes	Law No. 69 of 2012, Arts. 21 and 37 OR Law No. 69 of 2012 on Pre-University Education System in the Republic of Albania, Arts. 21 and 37
Does the government subsidize childcare services?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Is primary education free and compulsory?	Yes	Constitution of the Republic of Albania, Art. 57 Law No. 69 of 2012, Art. 5 OR Law No. 69 of 2012 on Pre-University Education System in the Republic of Albania, Art. 5

Question	Answer	Source
Are there tax deductions or credits specific to men?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there tax deductions or credits specific to women?	No	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Score
Does a woman’s testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man’s?	Yes	1
Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission?	Yes	1
Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters?	Yes	1
Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure?	No	0

Question	Answer	Source
Does the law recognize customary courts?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
If yes, can their decisions be appealed to statutory courts?	N/A
Does the law recognize personal law courts?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there dedicated and specialized family courts?	Yes	Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 349
Does the law establish an anti-discrimination commission?	Yes	Law on Protection from Discrimination, Arts. 1 and 32

Question	Answer	Source
Is women’s testimony afforded the same weight as men’s?	Yes	No restrictions could be located
Does the law mandate legal aid in civil/family matters?	Yes	Law on Legal Aid, Arts. 11(1) and 12
Does the law mandate legal aid in criminal matters?	Yes	Law on Legal Aid, Arts. 11(1) and 12
Is there a small claims court/fast-track procedure?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
If yes, what is the maximum amount?	N/A

Question	Answer	Source
How many justices are on the constitutional court?	9	Constitution of Albania, Arts. 124 and 125 Law on the Organization and Functioning of the Constitutional Court, Art. 7
Of those, how many are women?	2	Constitutional Court of Albania
Is the Chief Justice a woman?	No	Constitutional Court of Albania

Question	Answer	Score
Do retailers provide information to credit agencies?	No	0
Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies?	No	0
Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit?	Yes	1
Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit?	Yes	1

Question	Answer	Source
What is the minimum loan amount covered in the private credit bureau or public credit registry (%GNI/capita)?	0%
Do retailers provide information to credit agencies?	No
Do retailers provide positive information to credit agencies?	No
Do retailers provide negative information to credit agencies?	No
Do utility companies provide information to credit agencies?	No
Do utility companies provide positive information to credit agencies?	No
Do utility companies provide negative information to credit agencies?	No
Do microfinance institutions provide information to credit agencies?	Yes
Do microfinance institutions provide positive information to credit agencies?	Yes
Do microfinance institutions provide negative information to credit agencies?	Yes

Question	Answer	Source
Is discrimination based on gender prohibited in access to credit?	Yes	Law Against Discrimination No. 1021, Arts. 1 and 20(2)(e)
Is discrimination based on marital status prohibited in access to credit?	Yes	Law Against Discrimination No. 1021, Arts. 1 and 20(2)(e)

Question	Answer	Score
Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence? If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes committed against a spouse or family member?	Yes	1
Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment?	Yes	1
Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education?	Yes	1
Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment?	No	0
Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment?	Yes	1

Question	Answer	Source
Is there domestic violence legislation?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations Criminal Code, Art. 130/a
If not, are there aggravated penalties for crimes against a spouse or family member?	N/A	No applicable provisions could be located
Does domestic violence legislation cover physical violence?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 3(1) Criminal Code, Art. 130/a
Does domestic violence legislation cover sexual violence?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 3(1)
Does domestic violence legislation cover emotional violence?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 3(1) Criminal Code, Arts. 130/a and 121/a
Does domestic violence legislation cover economic violence?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 3(1) Criminal Code, Art. 130/a
Does domestic violence legislation protect former partners or spouses?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 3(3) Criminal Code, Art. 130/a
Does domestic violence legislation protect unmarried intimate partners?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there criminal penalties for domestic violence?	Yes	Criminal Code, Art. 130/a
Is there a specialized court or procedure for cases of domestic violence?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Chapter IV
Do protection orders for domestic violence exist?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 10
Do protection orders provide for removal of the perpetrator from the home?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 10(1)(c) and (h)
Do protection orders cover prohibition of contact and maintaining a distance from the survivor?	Yes	Law on Measures Against Violence in Family Relations, Art. 10(1)(b)(d) and (e)

Question	Answer	Source
Does legislation explicitly criminalize marital rape?	Yes	Criminal Code, Art. 102
If not, can a wife file a complaint against her husband for rape or sexual assault?	N/A
Have provisions exempting perpetrators from facing charges for rape if they marry the victim been removed or never existed in legislation?	Yes	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Source
What is the legal age of marriage for boys?	18	Family Code, Art. 7
What is the legal age of marriage for girls?	18	Family Code, Art. 7
Are there any exceptions to the legal age of marriage? No minimum age. The court can allow marriage before 18 years of age for sufficient reasons.	Yes	Family Code, Art. 7
What is the minimum age of marriage with parental consent for boys?	N/A
What is the minimum age of marriage with parental consent for girls?	N/A
What is the minimum age of marriage with judicial authorization for boys?	0	Family Code, Art. 7
What is the minimum age of marriage with judicial authorization for girls?	0	Family Code, Art. 7
Is marriage under the legal age void or voidable? A marriage concluded by a person not meeting the age requirements is void. However, the marriage may not be declared void after the person has reached the required age, or when the woman has given birth to a child or is pregnant.	Yes	Family Code, Art. 39
Are there penalties for authorizing or knowingly entering into child or early marriage?	No	No applicable provisions could be located

Question	Answer	Source
Is there legislation specifically addressing sexual harassment?	Yes	Criminal Code, Art. 108/a Law on Protection from Discrimination, Arts. 3(5), 12 (2) and 17
Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment?	Yes	Law on Protection from Discrimination, Arts. 3(5) and 12(2) Labor Code, Art. 32(2)
Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education?	Yes	Law on Protection from Discrimination, Arts. 3(5) and 17(3)
Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment?	No	No applicable provisions could be located
Are there civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment?	Yes	Law on Protection from Discrimination, Art. 38 Law on Gender Equality in Society, Art.29

CONTACT

1818 H Street NW
Washington, DC 20433
USA

wbl@worldbank.org

Indira Chand
Media Inquiries

+1 (202) 458-0434

ichand@worldbank.org

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